Citizenship and residence programmes side by side

Cost for the family, timeline, visa-free travel and requirements of up to three countries in one table. Pick the countries and the table builds instantly.

Programmes to compareEach one sits above its column
Program 1
Program 2
Program 3
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Detailed comparison

Data checked: 3 August 2026

Detailed comparison
ParameterVanuatuNauruSão Tomé & Príncipe
Status typePassportPassportPassport
Processing time30-60 daysadvantage3-4 mo.about 9 mo.
Residence requirementNoNoNo
Visit requiredNo (remote)NoNo
Dual citizenshipyesyesyes
Accepts RU / BY citizensnoIntake suspendedyesAcceptedyesAccepted
Minimum investment$130 000 (DSP) / $150 000 (CIIP)$90,000 (promo) / $115,000advantage~$120 000 (donation)
Investment optionsDSP: non-refundable / CIIP: + Cocoa Fund ($50K back in 4 years)Non-refundable to the Nauru Treasury FundA non-refundable contribution
Total for your family~$130 000~$106 000advantage~$135 000
Is the investment refundableDSP no. CIIP $50K after 4 yearsNoNo
Holding period4 years (CIIP)No dataNo data
Who can be includedSpouse, children up to 25, parents from 50Spouse, children (no limit), parents (no limit), siblingsSpouse, children up to 25
Child born after approvalyesCitizenship by descent (registration, no new investment)yesCitizenship by descent (registration, no new investment)yesCitizenship by descent (registration, no new investment)
Adding family members lateryesyesyes
BRIDGES Passport Index57 of 10658 of 10679 of 106
Henley Passport Index58 place60 place78 place
Change over 10 yearsdown 12 since 2016down 1 since 2016up 5 since 2016
Visa-free countries4952advantage27
ETA or visa on arrival36advantage3131
E-visa in advance414745
Consular visa required10096advantage123
Visa-free, ETA and on arrival85advantage8358
Schengen areanoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
United KingdomnoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
United StatesnoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
ChinanoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
RussiayesETA online · 90 daysyesETA online · 14 daysnoVisa in advance
AustralianoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
CanadanoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
UAEE-visa in advanceyesVisa-free · 90 daysnoVisa in advance
SingaporeyesVisa-free · 30 daysyesVisa-freeyesVisa-free · 30 days
Hong KongyesVisa-free · 90 daysyesVisa-free · 90 daysyesVisa-free · 14 days
JapannoVisa in advancenoVisa in advancenoVisa in advance
Right to live and work in the EUnonono
Passed on to childrenyesyesyes
Document issuedPassportPassportPassport
Validity10 years10 years5 years
Source of funds checkStrict due diligence: proof that the whole sum comes from a legal sourceStrict due diligence: proof that the whole sum comes from a legal sourceStrict due diligence: proof that the whole sum comes from a legal source
Keeping the statusCitizenship is permanent; the passport is renewed when it expires. The contribution is non-refundableCitizenship is permanent; the passport is renewed when it expiresCitizenship is permanent; the passport is renewed when it expires
Language requirementNoNoNo
Becoming a tax residentOn registrationWith residenceWith residence
Tax regime0% on everything. VAT 15%0% on everything. Non-CRSLow. Special investor regimes
Investment limitationsOnly a non-refundable fund contribution — no refundable optionsA non-refundable government-fund contributionA non-refundable government-fund contribution
Special conditionsOath ceremony (online or in person)No dataNo data

Switch programs with the tabs — parameters are listed below.

Status typePassport
Processing time30-60 daysadvantage
Residence requirementNo
Visit requiredNo (remote)
Dual citizenshipyes
Accepts RU / BY citizensnoIntake suspended

Minimum investment$130 000 (DSP) / $150 000 (CIIP)
Investment optionsDSP: non-refundable / CIIP: + Cocoa Fund ($50K back in 4 years)
Total for your family~$130 000
Is the investment refundableDSP no. CIIP $50K after 4 years
Holding period4 years (CIIP)

Who can be includedSpouse, children up to 25, parents from 50
Child born after approvalyesCitizenship by descent (registration, no new investment)
Adding family members lateryes

BRIDGES Passport Index57 of 106
Henley Passport Index58 place
Change over 10 yearsdown 12 since 2016
Visa-free countries49
ETA or visa on arrival36advantage
E-visa in advance41
Consular visa required100

Visa-free, ETA and on arrival85advantage
Schengen areanoVisa in advance
United KingdomnoVisa in advance
United StatesnoVisa in advance
ChinanoVisa in advance
RussiayesETA online · 90 days
AustralianoVisa in advance
CanadanoVisa in advance
UAEE-visa in advance
SingaporeyesVisa-free · 30 days
Hong KongyesVisa-free · 90 days
JapannoVisa in advance
Right to live and work in the EUno
Passed on to childrenyes

Document issuedPassport
Validity10 years
Source of funds checkStrict due diligence: proof that the whole sum comes from a legal source

Keeping the statusCitizenship is permanent; the passport is renewed when it expires. The contribution is non-refundable
Language requirementNo

Becoming a tax residentOn registration
Tax regime0% on everything. VAT 15%

Investment limitationsOnly a non-refundable fund contribution — no refundable options

Special conditionsOath ceremony (online or in person)

The investment, government fees and BRIDGES GLOBAL service fees are separate payments. The Total row covers the investment, government fees and due diligence for the selected family; service and document costs are quoted separately.

Personal PDF

Your comparison in one document

  1. 01Costs for your family
  2. 02Timeline and stages
  3. 03Requirements for the family
  4. 04Limitations to know
  5. 05Questions for the consultation

VanuatuNauruSão Tomé & Príncipe

Save your comparison as a personal PDF

Get the selected programs, an indicative cost structure, family requirements, limitations and a list of questions for your consultation in one document.

Selected programs: Vanuatu, Nauru, São Tomé & Príncipe

No obligations. We reply during business hours.

01 / how to choose

Where programs genuinely differ

At first glance the programs look alike. The difference shows up in the total family cost, the timing, the residence requirements and in what the status actually lets you do next.

01

Total cost of the program

The minimum investment is only part of the sum. With government fees, due diligence and family members, a program with a $100,000 entry can end up costing more than one at $150,000.

02

What the status allows

It is not the number of visa-free countries that matters, but which ones. Almost every Caribbean program covers Schengen, while the US E-2 visa is available through only a few.

03

Processing time

Some programs grant status within months, others take a year or more. If you need a decision by a specific date, timing becomes the deciding factor.

04

Terms for the family

Spouses, children and parents are treated differently everywhere: age limits, surcharges and fees vary. For a large family the gap can reach hundreds of thousands of dollars.

05

Residence requirements

Most citizenship-by-investment programs require no residence. Residence permits are stricter: some only need the status maintained formally, others require a set number of days in the country each year.

06

Tax consequences

The status alone does not change your tax residency — that depends on where you actually live. Still, the country tax regime is worth reviewing before you apply, not after.

07

Refundability and holding period

A contribution to a government fund is non-refundable, while real estate or bonds can be sold — but only after the holding period. With the same entry cost the outcome differs fundamentally.

03 / real cases

We have been through this

Turkish citizenship through commercial property01Turkish citizenship through commercial property
Dominica citizenship for life in retirement02Dominica citizenship for life in retirement
Greek Golden Visa at €250,000 through conversion03Greek Golden Visa at €250,000 through conversion
Italian residence with a flat tax04Italian residence with a flat tax
ItalyItalian residence with a flat taxfrom €250k✓ Residence grantedView the case
Grenada citizenship for the owner of a trust05Grenada citizenship for the owner of a trust
Saint Lucia citizenship for three generations06Saint Lucia citizenship for three generations
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia citizenship for three generationsfrom $240k✓ Passports receivedView the case

All cases →

05 / how we work

Five stages: from the first call to the status in hand

01

Initial consultation

We go through your goal, budget and family. We say plainly which programs are realistic for you.

02

Shortlist and verification

We prepare a shortlist and run a preliminary check before filing.

03

Document preparation

We collect, translate and legalise the package. The paperwork stays on our side.

04

Filing and case management

We file the application and manage it to a decision, keeping you informed at every step.

05

Status granted and ongoing support

You receive the passport or residence card. We stay available for renewals, taxes and next steps.

08 / questions and answers

Frequently asked questions about comparing programs

Three programs fit on screen at once, which keeps the table readable. Compare the first three, replace one program with the next and save the link to each comparison: you can open the links side by side or send them to us, and we will put together a combined review.

Yes. Add your spouse, children with their ages and parents — the "Total for your family" row is recalculated under the rules of each program: age thresholds, surcharges for people beyond the base package and due-diligence fees. If a relative does not qualify under the program rules, we flag it separately.

The "Total for your family" row covers the investment or contribution, government fees and the due-diligence charge for the selected family. BRIDGES GLOBAL service fees, translations, apostilles, banking and courier costs are quoted separately in the budget before the start.

Countries periodically revise investment thresholds and fee levels, and some charges depend on the applicants ages and the chosen investment route. Real-estate amounts also depend on the specific property. The figures here are indicative; a precise budget is prepared for your situation.

Yes. In the "Save your comparison as a personal PDF" block leave your email — we will send a document with the programs you selected, the cost structure, family requirements and a list of questions for your consultation.

The "Key terms" section has an "Accepts RU / BY citizens" row showing the current status for each program. For other citizenships restrictions are rarer but still need an individual check: a country may restrict by country of birth, not only by current passport. Contact us and we will check your case before any contract.

No. It is an information tool for shortlisting. A legal opinion on a specific situation is prepared separately, after documents and source of funds have been reviewed.

We check the parameters against official program sources and update the page when terms change. The date of the last check is shown above the table. If a country changes its thresholds between checks, we confirm the current figures during the consultation.

Citizenship gives a second passport: the right to enter, visa-free travel and a status that passes to children and needs no renewal. Residence and permanent residence give the right to live in the country, but must be maintained and renewed, and lead to citizenship only after several years of residence.

In most programs — a spouse and children. Many also accept parents (usually from 55-65 years old) and in some cases siblings. Age thresholds differ — see the "Who can be included" row in the Family section.

From a few weeks to one or two years depending on the program: Caribbean passports usually take several months, European residence permits start from one or two months, repatriation and the path to EU citizenship take longer. The timing for each selected program is in the "Processing time" row.

No, and no company can: the decision is made by the state. We are responsible for the preliminary check before filing, for preparing the documents and for managing the case to a decision.

Often yes, but not always and not quickly. Most European residence permits have a path to permanent residence and then to citizenship — usually after 5-10 years of residence and subject to language, tax and physical-presence conditions. See the "Path to PR or citizenship" section.

INITIAL ASSESSMENT

Tell us what outcome your family needs

We will design a solution for your case, choose the country and the right status, and take the whole process through to the result.

Or message us on WhatsApp or Telegram

Anna Kovalevskaya, lead lawyer at BRIDGES GLOBAL
Anna KovalevskayaLead lawyer, citizenship and residency, 12 years of practice